Final project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Final project - Essay Example Aggregated demand curve represents the overall quantity of goods that are demanded at different price level. Second model that has been employed is IS-LM Model, and the third model is Keynesian model The concept of aggregate demand is that increase in total demand of products cause to increase the output that lead to the increased demand of labor. If the aggregate demand is lower it will cause to decrease the output and lead to decreased demand of labor (Anderton, 590). As in the case of United Kingdom economy is facing decrease in aggregate demand due to the financial crisis because this crisis made a significant impact over the purchasing power of people. People who have money are saving rather spending their money. This decrease in demand is leading country towards decrease output, therefore, towards unemployment; because firms working in the economy do not require workers to produce output. It has been observed that uncertainty shocks cause to slow down the demands. Therefore, economies have to face higher inflation rates. Such as in United Kingdom, the financial crisis showed huge uncertainty in the financial market that slow down the demand of goods market and result occur red in lower economic growth and increased unemployment rate. For example, the 2008 financial shock reduced the purchasing power of households. By using the right of postponing the purchases, households forced the firms to reduce the manufacturing and in result made delays in new hiring and increased firings of employees that contributed in high unemployment rate. The uncertainty increased the unemployment from the year of 2009 to 2013 in United Kingdom and now the effects are slowing down (Leduc & Liu, 1-30). Increase in the lowering demand of labor is high this time as compared to prior shocks of 1981. This is because this time â€Å" the zero lower bound† restrained the monetary policy on the nominal interest rate. As it has been observed that uncertainty shocks reduced the

Detroit Bankruptcy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Detroit Bankruptcy - Essay Example The announcement of bankruptcy by Detroit is a prophesied case. The liquidation of a municipal’s assets cannot happen as a result of the request of a creditor. A municipality is under the state’s jurisdiction as it is defined by the state. The 10th Amendment of the4 American constitution reserves any power not defined by the constitution for the state. Declaration of bankruptcy rulings ate made in U.S. Bankruptcy courts under federal jurisdiction Many factors have indicated reduced financial activity in the city. The population of the city dropped from a 1.5 million figure in the city’s peak in the fifties to a current size of around 700,000 leaving the city a shadow of itself with tens of thousands of abandoned buildings ("How Detroit went broke - Economics - AEI"). This coupled with the deindustrialization of the city have largely affected the collection of the revenues in the city. However, the major contributor of the state of the city is the accounting of th e funds of the municipality. Legacy costs These are the bills of the municipality in the form of public employee pensions, healthcare, and other post employment benefits. The Government Accounting Standards Board (GASB) in 2006 required all local governments to report publicly OPEB liabilities but did not require the funding of the shortfalls of the OPEB liabilities (John Macomber). The city of Detroit uses 43% of the entire annual city revenue in making payments of this kind. This leaves only, 57% to run the city and cover the wage bill. In the last few decades, the percentage of the city’s revenue used in the settling of these bills has been on the rise with an estimation claiming the percentage will reach 65% in four years. These unfunded liabilities of the Detroit city funds have acted as a weight pulling down the city finances (How Detroit went broke). Half of the $18 billion debt is accounted in public employee retirement benefits, which are not funded. In 2012, the cit y spent $145 million on retiree health care benefits, which is greater by more than half of the $99 million used in 2000 ("How Detroit went broke - Economics - AEI"). The accounting methods relied in the evaluation of the finances of pensions of public employees allows rates of return that are overly optimistic on the supposed riskless pension to be assumed (How Detroit went broke). These also make it possible for the employer in the form of the city of Detroit, to contribute annual contributions that fall short of the required amount. These transform the guaranteed benefits such as pensions, into risky ones. The cause effect of these is a pension liability at a $3.5 billion level when appropriate accounting methods are used which is over 5 times the liability under the city’s accounting methods (John Macomber). This is not helped by the ratio of employees to retirees receiving pension, which stands at 2:1. Increased taxes After the post-war manufacturing and expansion, the c ity started losing revenue because of the high population decrease rates. In response, the city changed its accounting policies and imposed a 1% income tax on all corporations, residents, and non-residents. This aimed to cover the loss in revenues and maintain the city budget (How Detroit went broke). Over the years, the tax rate has been on the rise with the resident income tax doubling only six years after its establishment. A new utility tax came into being in 1971 aiming to maintain the services offered by the city as well as

Light Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Light - Lab Report Example I used five different colors in the experiment. According to Timmermans, (2010) different colors of light have a significant effect on growth of plants, where the amount of energy obtained is different. However, it depends on other conditions, such as temperature, light intensity among others. In this experiment, the researcher has four variables in place. They include independent variables (photosynthesis rate), dependent (effect of wavelength) and factors that are in control and those that were not in control. Control favors included number of leaflets, volume of NaHCO3, concentration of NaHCO3, size of disc used and power of the light that was used. On the other hand, uncontrolled factors were the room temperature that the experiment was carried in. The Hedera Helix discs (leaflets) in our experiment responded differently to different colors of light. The hypothesis of the study is that the rate of photosynthesis varies in different colors of light. The blue color was expected to show the highest rate and yellow color the least effect to the rate of photosynthesis. The requirements for carrying out this experiment successfully include a syringe and beaker/containers. Others incldued leaves (the Hedera Helix discs (leaflets)), holes cutter, NaHCO3 and source of light (colored light bulb). I set up the five sources of colored light in an enclosed system and allowed it to warm up so as to attain equilibrium. I left the Hedera Helix Plant exposed to different light colors for 1.5 hours (90 minutes) using an analog-digital clocks to record the time elapses. This ensured that all the leaves were exposed to light equally. Using the prepared leaves, I prepared the NaHCO3 solution from 0.60g of sodium bicarbonate by diluting it with 300ml of distilled water in a 500ml beaker and added I added one drop of soap. I stirred the mixture gently ensuring that it does not form froth. First I cut small holes into the leaves to obtain numerous

Desperation to help Catherine Essay Example for Free

Desperation to help Catherine Essay Manliness is a belief that you are a man, and for any one else to be a man too, they should be somewhat like you. Hostility is open hatred and enmity. These two are linked when a man believes that he is a true man, and he sees another man as not being a true man, and so he openly hates him as he is not a right person. This happens in the play as Eddie feels he is a man; however he doesnt think Rodolpho is a true man as he does not have the right priorities, and gets involved in feminine tasks. In this way, manliness and hostility are connected. This hostility can lead to aggression as aggression is hostile behaviour or actions. This hostility can lead to aggress as hostility is hatred, and if someone hates any other person, but this person does not react back with hatred, the person begins to get frustrated and angry; and his aggression builds up. This is shown in the play when Eddie continually tries to deprive and show Rodolpho down, yet Rodolpho never reacts back with hostility. We see there is only one time in the play, where Rodolpho tries to help Eddie to stop embarrassing himself; and tries to make Eddie stop insulting his going-to-be wife. He flings an attack onto Eddie through his desperation to help Catherine. This shows us that even Rodolpho has some aggression within him, and also shows us that when you are faced with hostility, you can also have a build of aggression within you. These two are connected in the ways shown. Manliness and aggression are linked by several strings. Manliness, as Eddie believes is power, and the only way for him to express his power is by using aggression. Due to his lack of emotions, he finds it hard to express what he wants to say, and so it is a natural instinct for him to use aggression to get his message across. Manliness is the belief that you are the dominant member, in any circumstance. However when we have more than one person fighting for this right, aggression becomes involved as it is the only way to show which is stronger and thus which one deserves that role. This is shown throughout Act Two, as Eddies power declines due to Marcos manliness. In each Eddie, Marco and Rodolpho, Miller gifts them with unique qualities which the audience can admire. In Eddie it is clear that Miller has given him the gift of self belief. Eddie did what he believed was right throughout the play, even though this led to his death. Miller uses Alfieris speech at the end to indicate this; but himself purely, for he allowed himself to be wholly known Eddie also cared very much about his family, especially his niece. He loved her so much, that due to his manliness, he could not resist his sexual desire for her; however he tried his hardest to do so, and he was successful, until Rodolpho arrived. The jealously within Eddie had reached such a high level along with his aggression shown by the stage directions, He looks at [Catherine] like a lost boy as he realised that all his life, he has loved someone very much, taken complete care of her. He even worked extra time to buy her stenography, because he wanted her to move up a class; but now a man who aint right has just stolen her from him. This quality, the quality of devotion to your family, and caring of everyone who is in it, even if they are not your own children, is one than should also be admired in Eddie. This quality is also significant in Marcos character. Marco loves his family very much and has sacrificed his home to risk his life to migrate to America in order to earn some money so that he can send back to them; who can live a happier life than before. This is shown when Marco says, what can I do? The older one is sick in the chest. My wife she feeds them from her own mouth they will never grow up they eat the sunshine. He also is protective of Rodolpho as he knows he is weaker than him, and as he is his brother, it is his duty to help him. When this scene took place, it was a key moment as Eddie understood that if he should pick on someone his own size. Another quality which would have been much admired would be Marcos politeness, as well as his straightforwardness and simplicity. This is shown, as mentioned before, when he says to Eddie, when you say we go, we go. This shows us that he has respect for them as they are letting his and his brother stay in their house, but as soon as they feel they need to have their house back he and Rodolpho will leave. It is also a symbol of politeness, and indicated his straightforwardness. Rodolpho has the quality of being unique. He was very different, appearance, character and belief wise compared to most men in the Sicilian era. A quality which should be admired is his persistent politeness even when other people mainly Eddie are rude to him. He always tries to uplift a dull conversation and he is the kind of person who always wants happiness. He does not change his uniqueness to be just like everyone else as like Eddie, he also things that what he believes in is right. As this is a play, I will discuss that several, very effective dramatic techniques used by Miller. He has created this play which in many aspects would have shocked a number of the audience members at the time it will performed. Certain stage directions would have indicated sexually attraction or desire at that time, however when read now; it may not strike any significance. For example when Catherine lights a cigar for him Eddie or when we hear of how she sits on the bath as he shaves and walks around in her slip, we are being told about their relationship. These actions tell us that even without being lovers; they have the kind of intimacy only lovers should have. This would have been an explicit piece of evidence that there was some sort of sexual relationship between the uncle and the niece, however depending on interpretation by the actors, this moment many have more or less sexual undertones. However, this is not of much importance, but the symbolism of other parts of the play is. If we look carefully at the ending of the play, we say a lot of minute dramatic effects which have a lot of importance. Earlier in the play, we see that Eddie pays a lot of attention to the story of Vinnie Bolzano. Miller uses this technique so that the audience are certain of how much Eddie hates betrayal, and also to show us his belief in loyalty to family and community. However Eddie does exactly the opposite of what he was preaching, and this enables the audience to see how much his manliness, hostility and aggression changed him and his beliefs. When the Officers arrive, and take all four immigrants away, including two other submarines who stayed with the Laiparis, on the apartment above Eddies , Miller shows us in his stage directions that Louise barely turns then walks off and exits down right with Mike, only Beatrice is left on the stoop. This symbolises that Eddie is now alone. Lipari and his wife, Louis and Mike, the stage representatives of the wider community, one by one leave Eddie alone, symbolizing his isolation. We then see another very important dramatic technique used by Miller. Miller makes Eddie remove the knife, and this is so that now Marco can justify whatever actions follow. This makes some people feel that Miller was slightly more partial towards Marco. When Eddie lunges the knife, Marco grabs Eddies arm and turns the blade inward. However this action has more depth that what it seems to have at first. It tells us that Eddie literally dies by his own hand as his hand holds the knife, and thus he is killed by his own weapon, however it can metaphorically stand for the gradual deterioration of himself throughout the play itself. We then read that Eddie falls to his knees before Marco. This technique shows the audience that the better man won, and also shows us Marcos manliness, hostility and aggression. It symbolises the downfall of Eddies authority and power, and the rise of Marcos. In certain cases, what Miller has written and instructed can be interpreted differently depending of different factors. This is mentioned above, where Catherine light the cigar for Eddie. Another thing the Miller puts in the play is the definite variation in the way each character speaks. I will briefly go through the syntax of each character. Eddie speaks in the syntax of Red Hook, generally like most men in Brooklyn a low class neighbourhood. It is clear that he is not very well educated as he uses a lot of slang words and his the way he says words is shown by Miller, for example he says, bowin, goin, slidin, stayin and so on; instead of the full words which proves the point. Beatrice and Catherine speak almost the same syntax, but the feminine type, which in some cases is very much similar. For example Catherine says to Eddie, we wasnt goin and Beatrice uses wanna several times. This indicates the similarity to Eddies syntax. Marco speaks relatively little throughout Act One and through most of Act Two. Miller tries to show the audience that Marco finds it hard to understand and speak English as fluently as Rodolpho. He may be insinuating the difference in intelligence between the two brothers one who is very similar to Eddie. Marco speaks very simply, but says what he wants to say straightforwardly this represents his general character as throughout the play we do not see he speak a lot but we understand his character just as well as the others. His English language is very basic but understandable which backs up the point that Marco is thoughtful, and that he is a man of action, rather than words. Rodolpho on the other hand speaks unnatural exactness. He uses a variety of words and all his words are English but the phrases are not always idiomatic. This is shown to the audience when he first recalls vivid details of his life in Sicily. He describes them with accurate words which give us the impression that he is well-educated. In some cases he also gives poetic comparisons, sown when he compares Catherine to a little bird that has not been allowed to fly. Alfieri is the only character in the play that we see speaks in formal American-English. This is probably as Miller has included him in the play as he said that he wanted to make this play a modern equivalent of classical Greek tragedy. If we look at ancient plays, an essential part or it was that of the chorus. These were a group of figures who would watch the action, comment on it, and address the audience directly. This is basically what Alfieri does. He introduces the action as a retelling of events already in the recent past. By giving details of place, date or time, he enables the action to move swiftly from one episode to another, without the characters having to give this information. This makes the play run much ore smoothly, and more effectively and if for some reason the audience did not understand what had just happened, Alfieri gives a summary at the end of each act. This is how Miller uses Alfieris American-English to help in the play, and it also shows us what role he had, apart from being a Lawyer.

Essay --

Financiering van de Pleegzorg; De gehele Jeugdzorg, waar Jeugdhulp Friesland en dus Pleegzorg onder valt wordt gesubsidieerd door de overheid. Dit valt onder de gezondheidszorg, per deel van Jeugdhulp is er een budget die wordt ingezet om iedereen te helpen. Als voorbeeld van een activiteit heb ik de reiskostenvergoeding van stagiaires genomen, stagiaires kunnen de gemaakte kosten declareren bij de organisatie. Deze prijs is opgebouwd uit de gemaakte kilometers en welke prijs daaraan verbonden zit. Hoe je reist is ook van invloed op de prijs, als je week-ov hebt krijg je niet betaald omdat jijzelf dan gratis kan reizen. Ieder pleeggezin ontvangt pleegoudervergoeding, deze vergoeding is maandelijks en is bedoeld voor het kind. Hiervan moeten ouders dingen als kleding en bijvoorbeeld slaapspullen. De vergoeding hangt af van de leeftijd van het kind, hieronder is een tabel bijgevoegd waarin de basisbedragen voor elke leeftijdscategorie zijn omschreven. Basisbedragen van de pleegzorg per jeugdige per 1 januari 2013. Leeftijdscategorie Bedrag per maand/per dag 0 t/m 8 jaar â‚ ¬ 532/17,50 9 t/m 11 jaar â‚ ¬ 538/17,70 12 t/m 15 jaar â‚ ¬ 586/19,28 16 t/m 17 jaar â‚ ¬ 647/21,28 18 jaar en ouder â‚ ¬ 654/21,51 (Pleegzorg Nederland, 2013) Privacy: De privacyregels van Jeugdhulp Friesland staan genoteerd onder de volgende categorieà «n: ï  ¶ Informatie verzamelen en vastleggen ï  ¶ Het recht om gegevens in te zien ï  ¶ Het uitgeven van informatie aan andere personen ï  ¶ Het bewaren en vernietigen van gegevens Informatie verzamelen en vastleggen: Alle informatie over een clià «nt wordt vastgelegd in een dossier, in dit dossier staan alle standaardgegevens zoals naam, adres en geboortedatum. De informatie die bij Pleegzorg binnenkomt is afkomstig van ouders/verzorgers ... ...eegzorg bevorderen en in de belangen van pleegouders en –kinderen voorzien. (Jeugdhulp Friesland, 2014) Ook heb je de Nederlandse Vereniging voor Pleeggezinnen (NVP), de NVP is een landelijke, onafhankelijke vereniging van en voor pleegouders. De NVP zet zich in voor de belangen van pleegzorg, ze willen de kwaliteit van pleegzorg in Nederland verbeteren. Dit doen ze door middel van ondersteuning, advies en belangenbehartiging voor de pleeggezinnen. (Jeugdhulp Friesland, 2014) Alle partijen binnen Jeugdhulp Friesland communiceren met elkaar, de Raad van Bestuur staat bovenaan en pleegt overleg met de Controller en de Regiodirecteur. Alles wat naar de medewerkers moet worden doorgestuurd wordt door de Regiodirecteur geregeld, deze zorgt ervoor dat de wensen van de Raad van Bestuur door gegeven worden aan de medewerkers. Voor een communicatieoverzicht: Zie bijlage

A Case Sajjan Singh V State of Rajasthan

————————————————- Top of Form | | MANU/SC/8083/2008Equivalent Citation:  AIR2009SC84, JT2008(11)SC150, 2008(4)KLT306(SC), (2009)3MLJ929(SC), (2008)41OCR708, 2008(13)SCALE76, (2008)13SCC518IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIAWrit Petition (C) No. 369 of 2008Decided On:  29. 09. 2008Appellants:  Baby Manji Yamada Vs. Respondent:  Union of India (UOI) and Anr. Hon'ble Judges: Dr. Arijit Pasayat  and  Mukundakam Sharma  , JJ. Subject:  CivilCatch WordsMentioned INActs/Rules/Orders:   Commission for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 – Section 13;  Constitution of India – Article 32Case Note: Constitution Rights of child Article 32 of the Constitution of India, 1950 (Constitution) Commissions for Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 (CPCRA) Petition filed u/a 32, Constitution against directions of High Court by grandmother of appellant Held, constitution of National and state commissions for protection of child rights and children courts for providing speedy justice in offences against children and related matters provided under CPCRA No complaint made by anybody relating to child Direction given to any aggrieved person to approach Commission constituted under CPCRA Writ petition disposed ofRatio Decidendi:   Commission constituted under CPCRA has right to inquire into complaints or take action suo motu notice relating to violation of child rights and development of children and pro vide relief in such matters with appropriate authorities. JUDGMENTArijit Pasayat, J. 1. This petition under Article  32  of the Constitution of India, 1950 (hereinafter for short ‘the Constitution') raises some important questions. 2. Essentially challenge is to certain directions given by a Division Bench of the Rajasthan High Court relating to production/custody of a child Manji Yamada. Emiko Yamada, claiming to be grandmother of the child, has filed this petition. The Writ Petition before the Rajasthan High Court was filed by M/s. SATYA, stated to be an NG0, the opposite party No. 3 in this petition. The D. B. Habeas Corpus Writ Petition No. 7829 of 2008 was filed by M/s. SATYA wherein the Union of India through Ministry of Home Affairs, State of Rajasthan through the Principal Secretary, The Director General of Police, Government of Rajasthan and the Superintendent of Police Jaipur City (East), Jaipur were made the parties. There is no dispute about Baby Manji Yamada having been given birth by a surrogate mother. It is stated that the biological parents Dr. Yuki Yamada and Dr. Ikufumi Yamada came to India in 2007 and had chosen a surrogate mother in Anand, Gujarat and a surrogacy agreement was entered into between the biological father and biological mother on one side and the surrogate mother on the other side. It appears from some of the statements made that there were matrimonial discords between the biological parents. The child was born on 25th July, 2008. On 3rd August, 2008 the child was moved to Arya Hospital in Jaipur following a law and order situation in Gujarat and she was being provided with much needed care including being breastfed by a woman. It is stated by the petitioner that the genetic father Dr. Ifukumi Yamada had to return to Japan due to expiration of his visa. It is also stated that the Municipality at Anand has issued a Birth Certificate indicating the name of the genetic father. 3. Stand of respondent No. 3 was that there is no law governing surrogation in India and in the name of surrogation lot of irregularities are being committed. According to it, in the name of surrogacy a money making racket is being perpetuated. It is also the stand of the said respondent that the Union of India should enforce stringent laws relating to surrogacy. The present petitioner has questioned the locus standi of respondent No. 3 to file a habeas corpus petition. It is pointed out that though custody of the child was being asked for but there was not even an indication as to in whose alleged illegal custody the child was. It is stated that though the petition before the High Court was styled as a â€Å"Public Interest Litigation† there was no element of public interest involved. Learned Counsel for respondent No. 3 with reference to the counter- affidavit filed in this Court had highlighted certain aspects relating to surrogacy. The learned Solicitor General has taken exception to certain statements made in the said counter affidavit and has submitted that the petition before the High Court was not in good faith and was certainly not in public interest. 4. We need not go into the locus standi of respondent No. 3 and/or whether bonafides are involved or not. It is to be noted that the Commissions For Protection of Child Rights Act, 2005 (hereinafter for short ‘the Act') has been enacted for the constitution of a National Commission and State Commissions for protection of child rights and children's courts for providing speedy trial of offences against children or of violation of child rights and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. Section  13  which appears in Chapter III of the Act is of considerable importance. The same reads as follows:13. Functions of Commission. 1) The Commission shall perform all or any of the following functions, namely:(a) examine and review the safeguards provided by or under any law for the time being in force for the protection of child rights and recommend measures for their effective implementation;(b) present to the Central Government, annually and at such other intervals, as the Commission may deem fit, reports upon the working of those safeguards;(c) inquire into violation of child rights and recommend initiation of proceedings in such cases;(d) examine all factors that inhibit the enjoyment of rights of children affected by terrorism, communal violence, riots, natural disaster, domestic violence, HIV/AIDS, trafficking, maltreatment, torture and exploitation, pornography and prostitution and recommend appropriate remedial measures. e) look into the matters relating to children in need of special care and protection including children in distress, marginalized and disadvantaged children, children in conflict with law, juveniles, children without family and children of prisoners and recommend appropriate remedial measures;(f) s tudy treaties and other international instruments and undertake periodical review of existing policies, programmes and other activities on child rights and make recommendations for their effective implementation in the best interest of children;(g) Undertake and promote research in the field of child rights;(h) spread child rights literacy among various sections of the society and promote awareness of the safeguards available for protection of these rights through publications, the media, seminars and other available means;(i) inspect or cause to be inspected any juvenile custodial home, or any other place of residence or institution meant for children, under the control of the Central Government or any State Government or any other authority, including any institution run by a social organisation; where children are detained or lodged for the purpose of treatment, reformation or protection and take up with these authorities for remedial action, if found necessary;(j) inquire into c omplaints and take suo otu notice of matters relating to, -(i) deprivation and violation of child rights;(ii) non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children;(iii) non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions aimed at mitigating hardships to and ensuring welfare of the children and to provide relief to such children, or take up the issues arising out of such matters with appropriate authorities; and(k) such other functions as it may consider necessary for the promotion of child rights and any other matter incidental to the above functions2) The Commission shall not inquire into any matter which is pending before a State Commission or any other Commission duly constituted under any law for the time being in force. 5. Surrogacy is a well known method of reproduction whereby a woman agrees to become pregnant for the purpose of gestating and giving birth to a child she will not raise but hand over to a contracted party. She may be the child's genetic mother (the more traditional form for surrogacy) or she may be, as a gestational carrier, carry the pregnancy to delivery after having been implanted with an embryo. In some cases surrogacy is the only available option for parents who wish to have a child that is biologically related to them. The word â€Å"surrogate†, from Latin â€Å"subrogare†, means â€Å"appointed to act in the place of†. The intended parent(s) is the individual or couple who intends to rear the child after its birth. 6. In â€Å"traditional surrogacy† (also known as the Straight method) the surrogate is pregnant with her own biological child, but this child was conceived with the intention of relinquishing the child to be raised by others; by the biological father and possibly his spouse or partner, either male or female. The child may be conceived via home artificial insemination using fresh of frozen sperm or impregnated via IUI (intrauterine insemination), or ICI (intra cervical insemination) which is performed at a fertility clinic. ‘7. In â€Å"gestational surrogacy† (also know as the Host method) the surrogate becomes pregnant via embryo transfer with a child of which she is not the biological mother. She may have made an arrangement to relinquish it to the biological mother or father to raise, or to a parent who is themselves unrelated to the child (e. g. because the child was conceived using egg donation, germ donation or is the result of a donated embryo). The surrogate mother may be called the gestational carrier. 8. â€Å"Altruistic surrogacy† is a situation where the surrogate receives no financial reward for her pregnancy or the relinquishment of the child (although usually all expenses related to the pregnancy and birth are paid by the intended parents such as medical expenses, maternity clothing, and other related expenses). 9. â€Å"Commercial surrogacy† is a form of surrogacy in which a gestational carrier is paid to carry a child to maturity in her womb and is usually resorted to by well off infertile couples who can afford the cost involved or people who save and borrow in order to complete their dream of being parents. This medical procedure is legal in several countries including in India where due to excellent medical infrastructure, high international demand and ready availability of poor surrogates it is reaching industry proportions. Commercial surrogacy is sometimes referred to by the emotionally charged and potentially offensive terms â€Å"wombs for rent†, â€Å"outsourced pregnancies† or â€Å"baby farms†. 10. Intended parents may arrange a surrogate pregnancy because a woman who intends to parent is infertile in such a way that she cannot carry a pregnancy to term. Examples include a woman who has had a hysterectomy, has a uterine malformation, has had recurrent pregnancy loss or has a healthy condition that makes it dangerous for her to be pregnant. A female intending parent may also be fertile and healthy, but unwilling to undergo pregnancy. 11. Alternatively, the intended parent may be a single male or a male homosexual couple. 12. Surrogates may be relatives, friends, or previous strangers. Many surrogate arrangements are made through agencies that help match up intended parents with women who want to be surrogates for a fee. The agencies often help manage the complex medical and legal aspects involved. Surrogacy arrangements can also be made independently. In compensated surrogacies the amount a surrogate receives varies widely from almost nothing above expenses to over $ 30,000. Careful screening is needed to assure their health as the gestational carrier incurs potential obstetrical risks. 13. In the present case, if any action is to be taken that has to be taken by the Commission. It has a right to inquire into complaints and even to take suo motu notice of matters relating to, (i) deprivation and violation of child rights (ii) non-implementation of laws providing for protection and development of children and (iii) non-compliance of policy decisions, guidelines or instructions aimed at mitigating hardships to and ensuring welfare of the children and to provide relief to such children, or take up the issues arising out of such matters with appropriate authorities. 14. It appears that till now no complaint has been made by anybody relating to the child, the petitioner in this Court. 15. We, therefore, dispose of this writ petition with a direction that if any person has any grievance, the same can be ventilated before the Commission constituted under the Act. It needs no emphasis that the Commission has to take into account various aspects necessary to be taken note of. 16. Another grievance of the petitioner is that the permission to travel so far as the child is concerned including issuance of a Passport is under consideration of the Central Government; but no orders have been passed in that regard. The other prayer in the petition is with regard to an extension of the visa of the grandmother of the child requesting for such an order. 17. Learned Solicitor General, on instructions, stated that if a comprehensive application, as required under law, is filed within a week, the same shall be disposed of expeditiously and not later than four weeks from the date of receipt of such application. If the petitioner has any grievance in relation to the order to be passed by the Central Government, such remedy, as is available in law may be availed. 18. The writ petition is accordingly disposed of without any order as to costs. All proceedings pending in any High Court relating to the matter which we have dealt with in this petition shall stand disposed of because of this order.  © Manupatra Information Solutions Pvt. Ltd. | | | Bottom of Form

Apple External and Internal Analysis

Introduction Apple Inc. is an American multinational corporation that designs and manufactures consumer electronics and computer software products. Established in Cupertino, California on April 1, 1976 in the heart of Silicon Valley, and incorporated January 3, 1977. Apple Inc. used to be called Apple Computers Inc. , but dropped the word computer because it wanted to expend its products beyond just computers. Steve Jobs was a co-founder and the CEO before.Today, Apple operates more than 250 retail stores in nine countries, and an online store where hardware and software products are sold. SWOT: Apple Inc. , the manufacturers of Macs, iPods, iPhones, iPads and professional software, has achieved great success since it began in 1977. It's difficult to predict what will happen to this company in the future, but a SWOT analysis (which measures the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to a business) can help to understand the company's current position and where it may go in the future. StrengthsApple's strengths are being a design innovator that is ahead of the trends, creating ergonomic electronics that fit people's lives. Specifically, Apple has been able to invest significantly in research and development, having invested $80 million in the quarter ending in June 2010. Weaknesses Apple acknowledges that its profitability is dependent on the global economy. Economic downturns can have a significant negative effect on the company, and fluctuations in foreign currencies make profit predictions in foreign markets uncertain. OpportunitiesApple is expected to introduce a new mobile advertising platform for the iPhone, iPod touch, and iPad. The introduction of this advertising platform represents an opportunity for new revenue sources. Threats Apple is involved in several legal actions, including lawsuits alleging patent infringement and antitrust violations. Many of the suits are from smaller companies, but notable plaintiffs include Nokia. These lawsuit s present a threat because of the possibility of unfavorable judgments and the ongoing costs associated with legal defenses.